Age spots are nasty especially on the face. Though they normally are not dangerous it is at least a cosmetic issue that can negatively affect your self-esteem. But age spots might be common on other areas as well - your hands, arms and shoulders most likely. To get rid of age spots you should first be familiar with what they are and where they come from. After that you have to think what would be the best way for you - depending also how much money you are ready to put on the treatment (there are also cheap methods that might be worth of trying). In this article I will first tell you about the age spots and then about the ways to get rid of them but also how to prevent to get them again.
What are age spots?
Age spots as a term refers to the brown spots that appear on the skin. The terms brown spot, sun spot, liver spot, lentigo and senile/solar lentigine mean exactly the same. The spots range from light brown to red or almost black in color. Formerly it was incorrectly believed that liver spots were due to liver problems. Age spots neither have anything to do with how old you are, though they are more common with older people.
Where do the age spots come from?
Since the age spots are the result of the sun, the term sun spot is more accurate and I will call them sun spots from here on. The skin ages in the sun - the longer you have stayed in the sun the older your skin feels even if your physical age is not high at all. The sun damages the melanocytes (cells in the skin's surface layer) that produce melanin pigment and transfer this pigment to other skin cells to help to protect us against the sun's UV rays. Totally these melanocytes form only 5-10% of the cells in skin's surface layer (epidermis).
Many people (like me with Irish background) have very little melanin pigment and their skin is not very affective to protect from the sun exposure and when the sun is shining down on them, the body doesn't know how to respond properly. The result can be abnormal melanin pigment that forms spots.
Can they be dangerous?
Short answer is yes, it is possible that they are cancerous. But in the vast majority they are harmless and no treatment is necessary. To be sure about that you should consult your dermatologist.
Home remedies for age spots:
You can apply fresh ghritkumari juice (Aloe Vera) on the age spots everyday. This is an effective treatment.
Rubbing fresh cucumber slices or its juice is very useful in removing age spots.
Take one teaspoon vinegar and one teaspoon olive oil and mix them well and allow it to rest for 5 min and then apply on age spots. After half an hour wash it off using fresh water. One of the useful home remedies for age spots.
Age spots treatments using raw papaya---Take small amount of grated raw papaya and rub on your face gently everyday and allow your skin to rest for some time.
Age spots treatment using castor oil (arandi ka tel )---Dip small piece of the cotton ball in castor oil and dap it on the age spots gently. This is very effective in the age spots treatment.
Mix 1-2 teaspoon fresh orange juice in half tablespoon apple cider vinegar. Use the fresh mixture everyday on your age spots. This diminishes the age spots in a month's time. This is one of the best home remedies for age spots.
Apply butter milk (chanch) on the age spots. This is an effective home remedy for age spots treatment.
Stems of dandelion are very effective in the treatment of pimples, boils, age spots. Acne and many other problems are also cured by dandelion herb effectively. You can take the dandelion tea at any time of the day to cure the age spots and other skin-related problem. You can also chew the dandelion leaves or apply the fresh juice of its leaves on age spots. This gives good and effective results.
Mix chandan powder and few drops of rose water and gently mask on the age spots and allow it to dry for 15-20 minutes than wash your face. This is one of the important home remedies for age spots.
Take two-three teaspoon of buttermilk and fresh tomato paste (one tablespoon), mix them well and gently cover the age spots using the natural homemade mask and allow it dry for 15-20 min and then clean it using cold water.
Focus on Healthy Aging Focus on Healthy Aging is a monthly newsletter that gives information on keeping up health and vitality after middle age. It is b...
In the times we are living in, aging seems to be a dirty word. Something that you must ward off for as long as you possibly can. No matter how forward we've become in our thinking many men and women still see aging as a threat to their quality of life and their sense of self-worth. People are expected to have a mid-life "crisis" and often seniors mourn as they get older instead of enjoying what is supposedly their "golden years." There are multi-million dollar industries built on the attempt to stay young – everything from plastic surgeons giving face lifts to a new skin cream guaranteed to "take 10 years off your looks."
There is a place for these things of course, and it's important to care about how you look, but if you view the aging process with so much anxiety it gets your heart to racing, I'd ask you to take a deep breath, relax, and rethink your perspective on aging.
I've always been told that with age comes experience and wisdom so what if we looked at the aging process in terms of us aging like a good wine instead of getting worse? Many eastern cultures revere their elders for their wisdom and knowledge. How we see things, our attitudes and beliefs could have a profound effect on how "gracefully" we age.
Aging Gracefully in a Youth Obsessed Society
To age "gracefully" in a culture which idolizes youth is not an easy thing to do. It requires inner strength and wisdom. It also requires a great deal of self-confidence and being comfortable "in your own skin."
I think we'll find that we can do away with some myths about aging which limit our quality of life, and also discover some of the "perks" of aging that we often ignore. There are lots of role models who have led the way for us. Did you know, for example, that:
Martha Graham danced professionally until she was 76? Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals at the age of 78? Georgia O'Keefe continued painting well into her 90s?
Being vibrant in "later life" is not just for the famous. Undoubtedly everyone knows at least one person who is living a full, rewarding life "despite" their age. This is really the way it should be - life should get better as we age.
What I've discovered is that there are two "basic steps" to aging gracefully. To borrow from the "Serenity Prayer," graceful aging requires the "serenity to accept the things we cannot change; courage to change the things we can; and wisdom to know the difference."
Of course acceptance of aging is a key to aging gracefully - but which of the changes that commonly come with age are the "things we cannot change" and which are the "things we can change?"
Things You Can Change and Things You Cannot Change
These two major requirements of successful aging - accepting the aging process and changing the things we do have the ability to change -- may seem to contradict each other.
Sometimes success in life involves the ability embrace the paradox that when we accept life at it is at the moment, it opens a door for positive change somewhere else. A common example of this is the couple who finally "get pregnant" when they've given up and decide to adopt a child.
The bottom line is to have the ability to relax with whatever challenges may come our way and that includes the changes aging brings. When we are relaxed, we are open to seeing things in different ways.
We are no longer in the "fight or flight" mode that causes us to act impulsively, and we then have the ability to reflect. Instead of running out to buy every new anti-aging product, we can spend some time looking at our fears and learning whether they are based in reality or on some "societal expectations" that we'd be better off ignoring.
It's a fact that attitude has an enormous role in how we age. Much of the decline that people experience with aging comes about due to the belief that decline in function and quality of life is part and parcel of aging.
Of course, many of the problems of age are not due to the process of aging itself, but rather due to the effects of a lifetime of stress and poor health habits. Proper diet, exercise and social support are all just as important as your mental health. Getting the proper nutrients and antioxidants can literally eliminate your risk of getting some of today's top health threats such as heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. So one of the things you can change is giving yourself some extra insurance by making sure you are getting the proper antioxidants and nutrients to help your body help itself.
Deborah Vogt is a Registered Psychiatric Nurse originally from beautiful British Columbia. She now works at home with her four children, two of which have autism spectrum disorder and have benefited tremendously from glyconutrients. She has become an expert on health, diet and nutritional supplements and anti-aging. Pick up your FREE report at http://www.anti-agingbreakthrough.com
Question by Kimberly: Aging!?!?!?!?!?!?
What are your thoughts/feelings on aging ????
Best answer:
Answer by noseygirl You try your darndest to do it gracefully. You color your hair and get the surgery you can afford and take your of yourself so you don't look like a grey headed prune. I will turn 29 next year and the year after that and the year after that and..........you get the picture.
Know better? Leave your own answer in the comments! Healthy Aging report: Regional transportation network needed
A new regional transportation network using the Internet to link volunteer drivers with senior citizens was among the proposals at a meeting this morning unveiling a report on healthy aging. Read more on The MetroWest Daily News
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Aging, disabilities center director steps in
Susan Lynch's first meeting with the Columbia County Aging and Disability Resource Center board Thursday included a candid conversation about what the ADRC is doing well, and what it can do better - a Read more on Portage Daily Register
Aging: The Fulfillment of Life The author shares his moving and inspirational thoughts on what aging can mean to all of us. It is a warm, caring book that ...
Numerous variables determine the skin's quality, particularly the ravages of the external environment and age, which are the most important variables.
Aging is a continuous, universal, progressive, intensive, deleterious, but democratic phenomenon, which is essential to the evolutionary process and of which the skin is not an exception. The older we get, the more wrinkled our skin becomes. In the human skin, factors such as age, sun-exposure, smoking, and endocrinological changes are considered to be important risk factors for wrinkles [1-4].
Concept of skin aging The skin is a unique organ, which reflects the inevitable changes occurring in the body's aging process. It is the body's dynamic interface with the environment and as such its roles include barrier function, mechanical protection, wound healing, immune surveillance, thermoregulation, and sebum production, to mention a few. All these functions decline with age. Aging of the skin is a complex process, associated with morphological and chemical changes, dictated by an inherent genetic program and accelerated by environmental damage to genes and their protein products. Through structural and molecular degradation, aging causes a functional deficit in the skin resulting in clinical changes, including wrinkling, colour changes (dyspigmentation), laxity and no-elasticity [5, 6].
Two independent processes govern skin aging, the intrinsic and the extrinsic aging of the skin.
Intrinsic aging Intrinsic aging, also known as the natural aging process, is the slow irreversible degeneration of tissue, which affects almost all body organs. Usually beginning in our mid-20's, intrinsic aging is a continuous process, which by definition, is inevitable and as such is not subject to manipulation through changes in human behaviour. It is genetically programmed and causes structural and functional changes in all layers of the skin. Although it begins in the mid-20's the signs of intrinsic aging are not usually visible for decades [7-9].
Intrinsic aging produces lines and wrinkles, age spots, splotches and pigmentation problems, broken capillaries, dull skin texture and colour, and other skin flaws. Apart from these, intrinsic aging may cause a previously attractive mole or birth mark to change into an unattractive protrusion or a once unnoticeable scar may become more apparent when wrinkles form around it. The production of collagen within the skin is slowed and elastin, a protein constituting the basic substance of elastic tissue, which enables the skin to snap back into place on pulling, becomes less "springy". Epidermal turnover (turnover of new skin cells), which takes about 28 days in young adults requires about 40-60 days in the elderly. This slower turnover results in a thinning of the epidermis, which gives aged skin a translucent appearance, as well as adversely affecting skin barrier function and repair, and cell exfoliation. Intrinsic aging causes a decrease in subdermal (beneath the skin) fat tissue, which contributes to wrinkling and sagging of the skin, making the skin more susceptible to trauma and bruising. Although it causes a number of structural changes, the effects of intrinsic aging are mostly functional, with only minor impacts on skin appearance (as previously mentioned) – fine wrinkling, dryness, and thinning. The genetic program of intrinsic aging differs in each individual both in terms of rate and severity of effect [8, 10, 11].
Extrinsic aging Extrinsic aging is generally caused by external factors introduced to the body, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, pollution, harsh weather and chronic sun exposure (photoaging). Other factors include repetitive facial expressions, gravity and sleeping positions. Of all these external factors, sun exposure is considered to be by far the most significantly harmful to the skin and according to Baumann (2007) 80% of facial aging is believed to be due to chronic sun exposure [8, 9].
1. Sun exposure (Photoaging) The human skin is exposed to UV and infrared radiation practically everyday and without protection from the sun's rays, a few minutes of exposure each day over the years can cause noticeable changes to the skin as the skin loses the ability to repair itself and as such, the damage accumulates. The clinical manifestation of photoaging depends on skin type, skin colour and the history of long-term or intense sun exposure. An individual with fair skin with a history of sun exposure will develop more signs of photoaging than a dark skinned individual. For individuals with the darkest of skins, the signs of photoaging are often limited to fine wrinkles and complexion marked with spots or blotches of different shades or colours. It has been shown that repeated ultraviolet exposure damages the skin by breaking down collagen, impairing the synthesis of new collagen and attacking elastin, thereby causing immense damage. Photoaging is characterised by coarse, deep, severe wrinkling as well as pigmentary changes on exposed areas such as the face, neck and forearm. Losses in skin tone and elasticity, increased skin fragility, and benign lesions are also observed in skin affected by photoaging [8-10].
2. Cigarette smoking Cigarette smoking is the second causative factor of premature skin aging after photoaging as it triggers biochemical changes in the body, which accelerate the aging process. It has been shown that individuals who smoke 10 or more cigarettes a day for a minimum of 10 years are statistically more likely to develop deep wrinkled, leathery skin than non smokers. Smoking exerts a noticeable effect on the skin such that it is often possible to detect whether an individual is a smoker or not by simply looking at his or her face. Such individuals have more wrinkles and their skin tends to have a greyish pallor compared with non smokers [8, 12-15]. The most serious damage to the skin through smoking is often caused by the following: a. reduction in the body's storage of vitamin A, which produces protection from skin damage b. continual puckering from drawing on a cigarette as well as squinting in reaction to cigarette smoke create deeply wrinkled skin around the eyes and mouth – these are classic signs of "smoker's face" c. restricted blood flow through the capillaries thereby preventing oxygen and nutrients getting to the skin d. restriction of the absorption of vitamin C, which is a vital oxidant for skin protection and health e. acceleration of the decrease in collagen production, an enzyme vital to the skin's elasticity. (Taken from Lifestyle – Ref 14)
3. Facial Expression/ Facial Animation Each time facial expressions are made, a facial muscle or facial muscles are used. These cause a groove to form beneath the surface of the skin causing it to form lines with each facial expression. As the skin ages and loses its elasticity, it loses its ability to spring back to its "line-free" state and consequently grooves become permanently etched on the face as fine lines and wrinkles (referred to as expressive wrinkles) [8, 16].
4. Sleeping positions Continually sleeping by resting the face on a pillow in the same way every night for years on end can lead to the development of wrinkles on the face. These wrinkles (also known as sleep lines) eventually become etched on the surface of the skin and no longer disappear when the head is not resting on the pillow [8].
5. Gravity Naturally, gravity pulls on our bodies; however, the changes related to gravity become more pronounced with age. When the skin loses its elasticity, the effects of gravity become more evident causing drooping of the eyelids and eyebrows, elongation of the ear lobes, formation of jowls and "double chin", drooping of the tip of the nose, and disappearing of the upper lip whilst the lower lip becomes more pronounced [8, 17].
Prevention of skin aging Although much cannot be done to halt or reverse the intrinsic aging process, changes associated with extrinsic aging are largely preventable. Preventative measures include,
1. Protection from UV light, which at any age reduces photoaging and decreases the risk of age-related skin diseases. Photoprotective measures include, ? Sun avoidance particularly when the sun's rays are the strongest (usually between 10am and 4pm. ? Wearing protective clothing (e.g. wide-brimmed hats, long sleeves) when outdoors during the day. ? Applying sunscreen. This should be broad spectrum, offering UVA and UVB protection, and should have a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher. ? Avoiding deliberate tanning, including the use of indoor tanning devices. According to McCullough et al (2006) preventative measures should begin in early childhood since approximately 80% of the damage caused to the skin by the sun is thought to occur by the age of 18 years. McCullough et al (2006) also make mention of the fact that the use of sunscreen is the "gold standard" for protecting the skin from ultraviolet light. It has also been well documented that regular use of a broad spectrum sunscreen can prevent not only sunburn, but also many skin-aging effects, such as wrinkles and pigmentary changes. In association with the implementation of skin-aging treatment, the use of sunscreen and sun protection is also important. It is essential to note that the beneficial effects of skin rejuvenation measures will be minimised or cancelled if unprotected sun exposure continues to induce skin damage [8, 10].
2. The use of antioxidants, which provide another approach for the prevention and treatment of both intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging. The skin has an integrated endogenous antioxidant defence mechanism that scavenges free radicals (which play a pivotal role in the biological events that lead to the clinical manifestations of skin aging) and protects cells from damage. These naturally produced antioxidants are reduced in chronically aged skin and further reduced in sun damaged skin. Taking antioxidants can help augment skin antioxidant levels to enhance defence mechanisms. However, according to McCullough et al (2006) oral supplementation has not been successful in augmenting skin antioxidant levels as a result of physiological processes, which take place in the body. It has however been shown that antioxidants can be delivered via the percutaneous route (through the skin) to directly supplement the skin's antioxidant reservoir. Antioxidants include vitamins A (retinol), C (ascorbic acid), and E (tocopherol), ?-carotene, and bioflavonoid [10, 18].
3. Quitting smoking, desisting from performing facial exercises or expressions and correcting sleeping positions by not lying face down [8].
Rejuvenation of aging skin (Anti-aging procedures) For individuals hoping to look younger or wondering how to look younger, corrective measures for aging skin are numerous and varied. These include: 1. Topical medications, such as topical retinoids (e.g. tretinoin, tazarotene and adapalene) which are effective in minimising fine lines and wrinkles, as well as improving skin texture and hyperpigmentation [10]. 2. Chemical peels, which are quite beneficial in the treatment of wrinkles, skin discolouration and age spots. Depending on the amount of skin damage, a variety of peeling agents are used to produce light, medium or deep chemical peels. On healing, new skin, which is noticeably smoother, fresher and younger in appearance, is generated [11, 18]. 3. Botulinum toxin (Botox), a sterile, vacuum-dried purified form of Botulinum toxin type A. It temporarily denervates specific muscles, which are responsible for certain facial wrinkles, including horizontal forehead lines, horizontal neck lines, and crow's feet. It is injected in very tiny amounts into specific muscles to treat and improve lines, wrinkles and furrows associated with facial expression [11, 18]. 4. Soft tissue fillers, which involves injecting filling substances under the skin. A variety of filling substances are available and those successfully used in soft tissue augmentation include bovine collagen, silicone, hyaluronic acid, Fibrel®, Goretex®, to mention a few; all these need to be applied by a skilled dermatologist. They are used to "plump up" or contour and correct wrinkles, furrows and hollows in the face [11, 18]. 5. Dermabrasion, a traditional technique, which makes use of a special instrument to remove or abrade the upper layers of the skin and smooth out irregularities in the skin surface. Usually performed to correct scarring, but is used by some physicians to perform dermabrasion for substantial sun damaged skin or skin with pigmentation problems [10-11, 18]. 6. Microdermabrasion, which uses tiny particles that pass through a vacuum tube to gently scrape away the aging skin and stimulate new cell growth. Suitable for patients with mild to moderate skin damage and wrinkles [11]. 7. Facelift, a well known procedure used to remove sagging and redundant skin in the lower third of the face and under the chin [11]. 8. Laser resurfacing, also known as "laser peel" is a relatively new procedure, which uses the newest generation of the carbon dioxide and erbium YAG lasers to remove areas of damaged or wrinkled skin, layer by layer, revealing fresh skin underneath. It is most commonly used to minimise the appearance of fine lines, particularly around the mouth and the eyes. It is also effective in treating facial scars or areas of uneven pigmentation. It is often done in conjunction with another cosmetic operation such as a facelift or eyelid surgery [11, 19]. 9. Non-ablative resurfacing: relatively new treatment options used to rejuvenate aging and sun damaged facial skin. They make use of non-ablative laser and intense pulsed light technologies, including electrosurgical resurfacing using electrical energy at low temperature. Non-ablative techniques were developed as a less destructive alternative to laser resurfacing and chemical peels. When used to treat wrinkles and scars, these techniques allow for rapid healing, as well as improving fine lines, and possibly skin tone [11, 18]. 10. Light Therapy, which is essentially the use of infrared LED light therapy. This is used based on the fact that the skin has the ability to absorb infrared light and in the process use it as a source of energy to stimulate cellular regeneration. First researched by NASA for use in the U.S Space Program, infrared LED light therapy can reverse and control the visible signs of aging without the use of harsh chemical treatments or invasive surgical procedures. Infrared LED light therapy aids in increasing the production of collagen and elastin, thereby improving the skin's tone and elasticity. This form of light therapy is gentle, painless, safe, non-invasive and nonabrasive, and its application feels comfortable and relaxing. So straight-forward is its ease of use that it can be used in the comfort of the home.
Recommended Products for Skin Aging
References 1. Ramalho A, Silva CL, Pais AACC, Sousa JJS. In vivo friction study of human skin: Influence of moisturizers on different anatomical sites. Wear 2007; doi:10.1016/j.wear.2006.11.051 2. Brincat MP. Hormone replacement therapy and the skin. Maturitas 2000; 35: 107-117. 3. Cucinotta D. Prevention of pathological aging by comprehensive clinical, functional and biological assessment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2007; Suppl 1: 125-132. 4. Seo JY, Chung JH. Thermal aging: A new concept of skin aging. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 2 (Suppl): S13-S22. 5. Venna SS, Gilchrest MD. Skin aging and photoaging. Skin & Aging 2004; 2: 56-69 6. Diridollou S et al. Skin ageing: changes of physical properties of human skin in vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci 2001; 23: 353-362. 7. Leung W-C, Harvey I. Is skin ageing in the elderly caused by sun exposure or smoking? Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 1187-1191. 8. AgingSkinNet. Causes of Aging Skin. Available from: www.skincarephysicians.com/agingskinnet/basicfacts.html. Accessed on: 11 July 2007. 9. Baumann L. Skin ageing and its treatment. J Pathol 2007; 211: 241-251. 10. McCullough JL, Kelly KM. Prevention and Treatment of Skin Aging. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006; 1067: 323-331. 11. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery Fact Sheet. The ravages of time and the sun. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Available from: http://www.asds-net.org/Patients/FactSheets/patients-Fact_Sheet-aging_skin.html. Accessed on: 11 July 2007. 12. Petitjean A et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on the skin of women. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42: 259-261. 13. Frances C. Smoker's Wrinkles: Epidemiological and Pathogenic Considerations. Clin Dermatol 1998; 16: 565-570. 14. Lifestyle. Smoking and Skin Aging. Available from: http://lifestyle.simplyantiaging.com/smoking-and-skin-aging. Accessed on: 13 July 2007. 15. BBC News. Smoking ages across the body. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6466041.stm. Accessed on: 13 July 2007. 16. Wu Y, Thalmann NM, Thalmann D. A dynamic wrinkle model in facial animation and skin aging. J Visual Comp Anim 1995; 6 (4): 195-205. 17. Mohatta CD. Aging-Why does the skin age? American Chronicle. Available from: http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=12644. Accessed on: 15 July 2007. 18. Ramos-e-Silva M, da Silva Carneiro SC. Elderly skin and its rejuvenation: products and procedures for the aging skin. J Cosmetol Dermatol 2007; 6: 40-50. 19. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Skin Resurfacing. Available from: http://www.plasticsurgery.org/patients_consumers/procedures/SkinResurfacing.cfm. Accessed on: 15 July 2007.
Disclaimer
This article is only for informative purposes. It is not intended to be a medical advice and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult your doctor for all your medical concerns. Kindly follow any information given in this article only after consulting your doctor or qualified medical professional. The author is not liable for any outcome or damage resulting from any information obtained from this article.
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Aging, boring lineup of cars called problem for Toyota
It would be easy to think Toyota's biggest problem is its damaged reputation caused by sudden acceleration recalls, millions in government fines and massive lawsuits and settlements. But what's hurting the company most is an aging lineup of boring cars. Read more on The Clarion-Ledger
"The Art of Aging: Celebrating the Authentic Aging Self" - by Alice & Richard Matzkin A couple, both artists, take a penetrating look at aging through a series of projects that confront their fear and curiosity about growing old. They explore physical changes, sensuality and relationships, aging parents, spirituality and death. Drawing on their personal experiences and the wisdom of older mentors, they conclude that their elder years can be a time of ripening and harvest rather than stagnation and despair. The profusely illustrated book contains a wealth of inspiration, especially for those about to enter old age. NOW Available on Amazon.com: tinyurl.com **Authors/Artists BIO: Alice Matzkin has two paintings in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. Her portrait of Chelsea Clinton hung in the White House during the Clinton Administration. Her work has appeared in National Magazines, She has appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show. Richard Matzkin has had numerous one man shows and his pieces are in collections throughout the United States. He is a talented sculptor, writer, musician and therapist. For more information about the Matzkins, see their web site: MatzkinStudio.com *This video was produced & edited by Jeff Foster http Camera: Michael Anderson
Aging: The Fulfillment of Life The author shares his moving and inspirational thoughts on what aging can mean to all of us. It is a warm, caring book that ...
Aging, irreversible biological changes that occur in all living things with the passage of time, eventually resulting in death. Although all organisms age, rates of aging vary considerably. Fruit flies, for example, are born, grow old, and die in 30 or 40 days, while field mice have a life span of about three years. Dolphins may live to age 25, elephants to age 50, and Galápagos tortoises to 100. These life spans pale in comparison to those of some species of giant sequoia trees, which live hundreds of years.
Among humans, the effects of aging vary from one individual to another. The average life expectancy for Americans is around 75 years, almost twice what it was in the early 1900s. Although some people never reach this age, and others are beset with illnesses if they do, more and more people are living healthy lives well into their 90s and older. The study of the different aging processes that occur among individuals and the factors that cause these changes is known as gerontology. Geriatrics is a medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in the elderly.
II
EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE HUMAN BODY
Several general changes take place in the human body as it ages: hearing and vision decline, muscle strength lessens, soft tissues such as skin and blood vessels become less flexible, and there is an overall decline in body tone.
Most of the body's organs perform less efficiently with advancing age. For example, the average amount of blood pumped by the heart drops from about 6.9 liters (7.3 quarts) per minute at age 20 to only 3.5 liters (3.7 quarts) pumped per minute at age 85. For this same age range, the average amount of blood flowing through the kidneys drops from approximately 0.6 liters (0.6 quarts) per minute to 0.3 liters (0.3 quarts). Not all people experience decreased organ function to the same degree—some individuals have healthier hearts and kidneys at age 85 than others do at age 50.
The immune system also changes with age. A healthy immune system protects the body against bacteria, viruses, and other harmful agents by producing disease-fighting proteins known as antibodies. A healthy immune system also prevents the growth of abnormal cells, which can become cancerous. With advancing age, the ability of the immune system to carry out these protective functions is diminished—the rate of antibody production may drop by as much as 80 percent between age 20 and age 85. This less-effective immune system explains why a bout of influenza, which may make a young adult sick for a few days, can be fatal for an elderly person. Thus, it is as important for an older person to be vaccinated against the flu and pneumonia as it is for young people to be vaccinated against childhood diseases.
Most of the glands of the endocrine system, the organs that secrete hormones regulating such functions as metabolism, temperature, and blood sugar levels, retain their ability to function into advanced age. However, these glands often become less sensitive to the triggers that direct hormone secretion. In the aging pancreas, for example, higher blood sugar levels are required to stimulate the release of insulin, a hormone that helps the muscles convert blood sugar to energy.
The ovaries and the testes, the endocrine glands that regulate many aspects of sexual reproduction, alter during the aging process. As a man ages, the testes produce less of the male sex hormone, testosterone. A woman's ovaries undergo marked changes from about age 45 to age 55 during a process known as menopause. The ovaries no longer release egg cells, and they no longer generate the hormones that stimulate monthly menstrual cycles. After women have gone through menopause, they are no longer capable of having children without the aid of reproductive technology. The physical changes associated with aging do not have a significant impact on sexual activity—most healthy people maintain an interest in sex all of their lives.
III
THE EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE MIND
One of the myths of aging is that intelligence diminishes with age. Early studies that used intelligence tests designed for children revealed that older people scored lower than young adults. However, these tests relied heavily on skills commonly used in school classrooms, such as arithmetic, and required the test to be completed within a specific time limit. Older people may require more time to answer questions, and more recent studies based on untimed tests and other measures of intellectual activity, such as problem solving and concept formation, show that there is relatively little decline in mental ability in healthy people at least up to age 70.
The aging brain does undergo a progressive loss of neurons, or nerve cells, but these losses represent only a small percentage of neurons in the brain. The speed of conduction of a nerve impulse declines with age, but it drops only about 15 percent over the age span from 30 to 85 years. Although intelligence is generally not affected by the aging process, studies show that some older people may find it difficult to deal with many stimuli at once. For example, an older individual requires more time to sort out all of the information when many highway signs come into view simultaneously. Traveling at 97 km/h (60 mph), an elderly driver may miss the information he or she needs or may act on the wrong information. But if older individuals recognize this limitation and adjust their behavior accordingly, they can continue driving safely well into old age.
Many older people experience problems with memory, and up to 10 percent of the elderly have memory problems significant enough to interfere with their ability to function independently. Memory problems were once considered an inevitable effect of the aging process, but researchers have determined that many of the brain-related changes often observed in elderly people, including memory loss, are actually a result of such diseases as Alzheimer's disease and diseases associated with blood vessels and blood flow in the brain, such as stroke. Memory loss is sometimes treatable, and certain memory-aiding strategies have been found to help reverse the short-term memory loss experienced by many older people.
Another myth about aging is that people tend to grow sour and mean-spirited with age. Research shows that personalities really do not change much over time. A mean-spirited, grumpy old person was probably that way when he or she was 30. And, as humans age, most still like to do the things they did when they were young. For example those who were athletic in their youth may continue to enjoy athletic activities as they age.
An older person's social environment, however, can have a marked impact on personality. The social isolation that often exists among older people can dramatically influence mental attitudes and behavior. In the United States, 33 percent of all older people live alone, most of them widowed women over the age of 85. About 5 percent of elderly Americans live in some type of long-term care facility, and almost 25 percent of all older Americans live under or near the federal poverty level. These people have little or no money for recreational activities. This poverty and isolation often leads to clinical depression and other problems, such as alcoholism.
IV
CAUSES OF AGING
Although the exact causes of aging remain unknown, scientists are learning a great deal about the aging process and the mechanisms that drive it. Some of the most promising research on the aging process focuses on the microscopic changes that occur in all living cells as organisms age. In 1965 American microbiologist Leonard Hayflick observed that under laboratory conditions, human cells can duplicate up to 50 times before they stop. Hayflick also noted that when cells stop normal cell division (see Mitosis), they start to age, or senesce. Since Hayflick's groundbreaking observations, scientists have been searching for the underlying cause, known as the senescent factor (SF), of why cells stop dividing and thus age.
Different theories have been proposed to explain how SF works. One theory is based on the assumption that aging, and diseases that occur more frequently with advancing age, are caused by structural damage to cells. This damage accumulates in tiny amounts each time the cell divides, eventually preventing the cell from carrying out normal functions.
One cause of this damage may be free radicals, which are chemical compounds found in the environment and also generated by normal chemical reactions in the body. Free radicals contain unpaired electrons and so carry an electric charge that makes them highly reactive. In an effort to neutralize their electric charge, free radicals constantly bombard cells in order to steal electrons in a process called oxidation. Free radicals are thought to greatly increase the severity of—or perhaps even cause—such life-shortening diseases as diabetes mellitus, strokes, and heart attacks. Researchers have observed that free radicals exist in smaller amounts in those species with relatively long life spans. Increasing human life span may depend on our ability to prevent free radical damage, and scientists are currently examining the role of chemical compounds, called antioxidants, that prevent or reverse oxidative damage in the aging process.
Another theory suggests that SF is genetically regulated—that is, cells are genetically programmed to carry out about 50 cell divisions and then die. Researchers have identified at least three genes that are involved with human cellular senescence. They have also discovered a protein on the surface membranes of senescent cells that inhibits production of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the essential molecule that carries all genetic information.
Another theory proposes that extra, useless bits of DNA accumulate over time within a cell's nucleus. Eventually this so-called junk DNA builds up to levels that clog normal cell action. If this idea is correct, scientists may be able to find ways to prevent accumulation of junk DNA, thereby slowing down the process of senescence in cells.
Other studies focus on cell division limits. Each time a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA, and in each division the sections at the ends of DNA, called the telomeres, are gradually depleted, or shortened. Eventually the telomeres become so depleted that normal cell division halts, typically within 50 cell divisions. Scientists have found that an enzyme produced by the human body, called telomerase, can prolong the life of the telomeres, thus extending the number of cell divisions. In laboratory studies, cells injected with telomerase continue to divide well beyond the normal limit of 50 cell divisions. These promising results have triggered worldwide attention on telomerase and its relationship to aging.
A number of other studies are underway to investigate the effects of aging. Scientists have found, for example, a possible explanation for why women have longer average life spans than men. The difference seems to be biologically determined, and male and female sex hormones are probably responsible. The blood levels of female sex hormones drop sharply during menopause. At that time, the incidence of heart disease and high blood pressure in women increases to match the incidence in men, suggesting that the presence of female sex hormones offers some protection against heart disease.
V
AGING POPULATIONS
In developed nations, life expectancy has increased more in the 20th century than it has in all of recorded history. A person born in the United States in 1995 can expect to live more than 35 years longer than a person born in 1900. Today more than 34 million Americans are 65 or older, accounting for about 13 percent of the population. By the year 2030, their numbers will more than double: One in every five Americans will be over age 65. A person who lives 100 years or more—a centenarian—was once a rarity, but today about 60,000 Americans are 100 years or older. By the year 2060, there may be as many as 2.5 million centenarians in the United States. The number of supercentenarians—people 105 years of age and older—will probably be as commonplace in the next century as centenarians are fast becoming now.
In some parts of the world, 16 to 18 percent of the population is already age 65 or older. By the year 2025, Japan is expected to have twice as many old people as children. Also by that time, there will be more than one billion older people worldwide. This increase in life expectancy is the result of better public health measures, improvements in living conditions, and advances in medical care. A marked reduction in infant mortality rates has also contributed to increased life expectancy statistics.
Aging populations are expected to have profound effects on the way societies care for their elderly members. With a larger proportion of the population over age 65, medical care must become better equipped to deal with the disorders and diseases of the elderly. All health care professionals should have special training in geriatrics. As the percentage of older people in the population exceeds the percentage of young working people, traditional methods for caring for older people may need to be modified. For example, in the United States, workers pay taxes throughout their careers so that when they retire, usually around the age of 65, they can receive money from the federal government to survive. This system, called Social Security, may be in jeopardy as the percentage of retired people increases, placing inordinate demands on the smaller number of people working and supporting them.
In many parts of the world, including the United States, older people who cannot work and have health problems live in long-term care facilities such as nursing homes, where they receive care 24 hours a day. But many families are unable to bear the costs of nursing homes and medical care for the elderly, and health insurance is unable to cover the expense. Other countries face similar problems, and multinational efforts are underway to explore new methods to finance the care of the world's older persons, soon to number one billion.
Nelson Ndalila is a recognized infertility expert and health practitioner from Nottingham. Discover more about current issues related to infertility through his site infertilityhospital.blogspot.com
How to Succeed at Aging Without Really Dying Lyla Blake Ward’s How to Succeed at Aging Without Really Dying is a wry, witty, and wise collection of essays about living in a ...
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"The Art of Aging: Celebrating the Authentic Aging Self" - by Alice & Richard Matzkin A couple, both artists, take a penetrating look at aging through a series of projects that confront their fear and curiosity about growing old. They explore physical changes, sensuality and relationships, aging parents, spirituality and death. Drawing on their personal experiences and the wisdom of older mentors, they conclude that their elder years can be a time of ripening and harvest rather than stagnation and despair. The profusely illustrated book contains a wealth of inspiration, especially for those about to enter old age. NOW Available on Amazon.com: tinyurl.com **Authors/Artists BIO: Alice Matzkin has two paintings in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. Her portrait of Chelsea Clinton hung in the White House during the Clinton Administration. Her work has appeared in National Magazines, She has appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show. Richard Matzkin has had numerous one man shows and his pieces are in collections throughout the United States. He is a talented sculptor, writer, musician and therapist. For more information about the Matzkins, see their web site: MatzkinStudio.com *This video was produced & edited by Jeff Foster http Camera: Michael Anderson Video Rating: 4 / 5
Aging: The Fulfillment of Life The author shares his moving and inspirational thoughts on what aging can mean to all of us. It is a warm, caring book that ...
"Aging" is one of those terms that evoke a multitude of - mostly negative - connotations, as it applies to everyone and everything in the universe. While the definition of Aging may seem obvious, its highly commercialized Antonym: Anti-Aging" is more ambiguous, if it even exists. People tend to see their lifespan ilike an hourglass, a countdown of sort and everyone seems interested to their elapsed time. There is a growing trend in people asking to know their biological age, with the expressed or implied expectation to hear that they are biologically younger than their calendar age. This movement has spawned whole new industries and revived old ones to cash in on this development.
By "aging" we usually allude to the biological process of growing older in a deleterious sense. That is why - the longer we have aged, the more we seek to forestall agings' ultimate terminal effect.
To begin with, we would have to define human lifespan, life expectancy and longevity, or simply: how many years is a human life? From there on interests diverge, social economists break it down to productive years and dependency years. The political science concerned with Aging is now enacting Anti-Aging by raising the retirement age. Their theoretical, mathematical tool to determine biological age is the Gompertz equation, which describes the increase of mortality over time., The Gompertz relationship can be used to calculate the change in life expectancy corresponding to a particular standardized mortality ratio "SMR" over a greater range than have previous methods, and, although subject to some uncertainties, can provide a quick method of judging the change in life expectancy that is associated with a given SMR value. While this model may be useful in population studies, the individual wants to know their reversed elapsed time in lifespan, expressed in terms of how much longer can they live a productive life, and by how many years can they exceed their predicted number of years..
A dynamic human life in a highly volatile environment poses an enormous challenge to any credible predictive measure in the first place. People are lead to believe that "Anti-Aging Medicine" is able to determine their biological age and their rate of aging, virtually at the blink of an eye. There is widespread hyped but unfounded believe that a single DNA sample can do that. The reality is that any specimen analysis at a given time can only process what it sees at that moment. It's like if life is a movie, you are looking at a snapshot, even if you are taking a snapshot every few seconds, you still don't see the movie. So in some cases it may be indicated to act upon a snapshot, like deciding to change your hairstyle, for instance; but you would want to preview a longer trailer of the movie before making irreversible decisions - you can never take back a surgery.
Skin elasticity measurement as a biomarker for biological age determination is widely used, most notably within the Beauty Industry for obvious reasons. The Aging of Skin connective tissue is the most visible marker for aging and that explains its popularity: The connective tissue of the skin is composed mostly of collagen and elastin. Collagen makes up 70-80% of the dry weight of the skin and gives the dermis its mechanical and structural integrity. Elastin is a minor component of the dermis, but it has an important function in providing the elasticity of the skin. During aging, the synthesis of collagen gradually declines, and the skin thus becomes thinner in protected skin, especially at about retirement age. Mechanical properties of skin (e.g., elasticity of skin) will change due to lifestyle and environmental exposure factors, such as disease, stress, or dehydration. Several factors contribute to the aging of the skin. where collagen or elastin are deficient, leading to accelerated aging, evident by wrinkles and sagging of the skin. Excessive tanning and exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes skin to look prematurely aged. These photoaging effects can be seen as early as the second decade of life. There is another problem with this highly subjective method of age interpretation: when the body becomes dehydrated as a result of an illness (e.g., ones that cause diarrhea) or reduced liquid intake (e.g., famine or marathon running), the skin becomes "plump and does not snap back when pinched.
Telomerase is the latest subject of scientific - and Media - focus: a predictor of health and aging, a comparatively obscure enzyme called telomerase might eclipse the importance of much more famous molecules – cholesterol, for instance. Telomerase acts on DNA at the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. Telomeres might be a link between stress, diseases associated with aging and aging itself. The level of telomerase activity is important in determining telomere length in aging cells and tissues. Senescence is the scientific term for cellular aging, the process by which a cell becomes old and dies. It is due to the shortening of chromosomal telomeres to the point that the chromosome reaches a critical length. In a body of vitality a cell becomes immortal and constantly produces new cells. When the body loses its vitality (aging), the cell stops producing new cells and dies. Being able to make the body's cells live forever certainly creates exciting challenges and fuels yearnings for immortality. However, the science has not yet progressed to the point where we can measure our telomere lengths and thereby derive our biological age relative to chronological age.
Lab tests are the most common approaches to determine age and aging; they are favored within the clinical realm, again for obvious reasons. However, these are not at all new and there is neither an unequivocal understanding of which biomarkers to use, nor how to evaluate these in a normative fashion. Typical indicators used are CRP for Inflammation, cholesterol, hormones, blood sugar, cell function, blood pressure, There are almost unlimited other available analytes, such as Homocysteine, kidney and liver function, brain function and so forth. Despite the fact that the more samples analyzed, over a longer timespan can produce a more reliable blueprint, the processing and interpretation of the information is arbitrary at best. One can easily imagine the challenge put on the medical community to agree upon which markers to use and to establish a normative measuring and scoring system such that adding up all of the results for a complete body of tests could produce a "biological age". But that would requires the medical disciplines to unite in weighing and validating each of these factors and agreeing on a benchmark "age index".
However, some scientists from The University of North Carolina believe to have found the "silver bullet" in a single blood test that can measure the body's rate of aging at a molecular level. According to their research, the concentration of a protein named "p16INK4a" significantly increases in aging tissue. Though even if this method will establish itself as a method for assessing the rate of aging, determining a person's biological age versus their calendar age is a different challenge - but that is what people want to know.
The fact that we can't agree on the standard or method to articulate a biological age shouldn't discourage us from trying, until now, we haven't even been able to agree on the spelling of the term, are we Aging or Ageing?
Heinz R Gisel is a Nutrition, Beauty Concepts and Medical Devices Innovator, based in California and Tokyo. He is the Founder of Vitality Concepts Corporation and Doctors 4 Vitality Clinics, LLC. He developed a clinical, non-invasive analysis system that predict health challenges before any symptoms occur. He believes that Nutrients belong into food and beverages and not capsules and pills and he has global patents on such nutritional deficiency analysis and cell-resonant nutrition delivery systems. His latest book is: \\\\"In Foodture We Trust - Nutrition for Body and Soul in Times Of Troubles\\\\", Xulon Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1607912651. http://www.vitalityconcepts.com/
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Arlene Weintraub: Anti-Aging: 2010's Scandals And Breakthroughs (PHOTOS)
The always fascinating world of anti-aging medicine saw its share of scandals, scientific discoveries, and yes, Suzanne Somers in 2010. Here are my picks for... Read more on The Huffington Post
Watch Charlie transform from 4-year-old to a 90-year-old man (almost as old as Nalts) instantly. It was his idea, okay? And for the record, I don't know how to use makeup but I keep it in my trunk in case I decide to do a McCain spoof (oh the Republicans would love that as a follow-up to my Sarah Palin parody). Maybe I'll go for Joe Biden. Charlie kinda looks like him at the end of this video (except Biden's teeth are better). www.kevinnalts.com Video Rating: 4 / 5
Aging: Concepts and Controversies Presenting current research in an innovative format, Aging: Concepts and Controversies encourages students to become involved and ...
Negative Ions: Innovations in Anti-aging, Slimming, and Health
Wrinkles, dark spots, and overall aging skin are problems that people are forced to deal with as they age. In order to deal with these problems, many people turn to surgery and other painful procedures as they desire that "quick" result. However, what many people do not realize is that surgery is not the only "quick" solution to looking younger again. This is only one a many, and really, is one that can be considered "old fashioned", dangerous, and often unaffordable.
Science and innovation in the world today has resulted in many anti-aging solutions that are quick and pain-free. One of these is the introduction of negative ion technology. So what are negative ions? When I mention the phrase "negative ions" people usually do not know what I am referring to. To begin with, there are two types of ions: negative and positive. Positive ions are those that are extremely bad for you skin and cause us all to age faster. These are the result of the use of electronics such as cell phones and computers, the environment that we live in today, and also UV rays from the sun. As a result of these positive ions, our skin begins to age and we get wrinkles and dark spots. On the other hand, negative ions are those ions that are good for our body and our skin. This is reason that babies have soft skin when they are born; they have not been exposed to excess positive ions and the surface of their skin is perfectly balanced with positive and negative ions. In order to combat anti-aging, it has been proved that positive and negative ions must be perfectly balanced on the skin. With this perfect balance, not only does the aging process slow but also wrinkles and dark spots begin to soften and even disappear.
Asian countries have been taking advantage of negative ion technology for years and the results have been tremendous. Not only has the use of negative ion technology resulted in younger looking skin but it has been proven that negative ion technology also helps the body detoxify, helps a person lose both fat and also cellulite, and overall prevents diseases. The most prolific users of the innovative negative ion technology have been the Japanese. The effectiveness of the use of negative ion technology has had tremendous results and is one of the reasons that Japan is leading the world in health, wellness, and beauty statistics. First, Japan has the lowest incidence of cancer in the world. [1] Secondly, Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world and is established as the country that people can expect to remain in good health the longest as established by the World Health Organization.[2] Thirdly, Japan has the lowest incidence of diseases such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes, etc. in the world as established by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.[3] Lastly, it has been shown that "about 24% of people aged 15 and over are considered overweight, compared with 65% in the United States."[4]
Although the Japanese have been using negative ion technology for a number of years, one of the newest, most popular, and most effective negative ion items to be used in Japan known as the valence Beauty Roller, has recently been introduced to the international market. There are two types; the Valence Face Beauty Roller and a Valence Body Beauty Roller. Both of these are able to take advantage of negative ion technology however, one benefits the face and one benefits the body. The Valence Face Beauty Roller results in younger looking skin, smaller pores, the elimination of wrinkles, the elimination of dark spots, overall tighter looking skin, increase in circulation, elimination of waste water in the face, etc. while the Valence Body Beauty Roller results in the increase of circulation, elimination of cellulite, elimination of fat, increase in metabolism, and a overall healthier body inside and out.
As such, people no longer have to turn to painful and expensive surgical procedures in order to look younger or to look thinner. The progression of science and innovation has resulted in options that are more effective, painless, and less expensive.
[1] US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2004
[2] World Health Organization, DALE System Database, 2008
[3] US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2004
[4] World Health organization, 2006
Copyright 2008 Ryan Yu
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www.ted.com Cambridge researcher Aubrey de Grey argues that aging is merely a disease -- and a curable one at that. Humans age in seven basic ways, he says, all of which can be averted.TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers are invited to give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes -- including speakers such as Jill Bolte Taylor, Sir Ken Robinson, Hans Rosling, Al Gore and Arthur Benjamin. TED stands for Technology, Entertainment, and Design, and TEDTalks cover these topics as well as science, business, politics and the arts. Watch the Top 10 TEDTalks on TED.com, at http Video Rating: 4 / 5
The Gift of Years: Growing Older Gracefully Not only accepting but also celebrating getting old, this inspirational and illuminating book looks at the many facets of the a...
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Aging with Grace: What the Nun Study Teaches Us About Leading Longer, Healthier, and More Meaningful Lives 
Focus on Healthy Aging 
